标准模型以及超越 第2版

　　《标准模型以及超越 第2版》深入讲解了标准模型和其他非阿贝尔规范场论的物理。它为理解超对称、弦论、额外维度、动态对称破缺和宇宙学提供了坚实的背景。除了更新了第１版的所有实验和唯象结果外，第２版中还包含了对撞机物理的新章节；对希格斯粒子、中微子和暗物质物理学的进一步讨论；及许多新问题。书中首先回顾了场论中的计算技术和量子电动力学的发展现状。然后重点讨论全局和局部对称性以及非阿贝尔规范场论的构建。书中对量子色动力学、对撞机物理、电弱相互作用和理论以及中微子质量和混合的结构和测试进行了深入的探索。最后一章指明了扩展标准模型的动机，并讨论了超对称性、扩展规范群和大统一理论。本文全面涵盖规范场论、对称性和标准模型及扩展的主题，为读者提供了理解标准模型的结构和唯象结果、构造扩展以及在树级执行计算的工具。它为读者在粒子物理学方面进行更深入的研究奠定了必要的基础。

　　保罗·兰盖克 （Paul Langacker），美国物理学家，宾夕法尼亚大学物理与天文系荣休教授，并曾担任系主任，他还是普林斯顿高等研究院的长期客座研究员。他的研究强调基础理论和实验之间的联系，包括精密电弱物理、大统一理论、中微子物理、Z'物理和弦唯象学等。他是美国物理学会（APS）和美国科学促进会（AAAS）的杰出会士。

　　《标准模型以及超越 第2版》是粒子物理标准模型的经典教材与必备指南，全面讲解相关物理的数学基础和实验与唯象结果的进展，如希格斯粒子、中微子振荡等。作者是宾夕法尼亚大学物理与天文系原系主任，粒子物理学领域的权威学者。

　　Much has （or has not） happened in the seven years or so since the publication of the first edition of this book. Most notably， a new spin-0 particle with mass~125 GeV was discovered at the LHC by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations， which is either the elementary Higgs boson or something that closely resembles it. The Higgs discovery completes the ≥40 year saga of verifying the standard model (SM）. Moreover， its mass is almost maximally interesting： it is near the top of the range predicted by the most popular SM extension，minimal supersymmetry， and near the minimum value consistent with the unextended SM (and then only if the vacuum is metastable）！
　　However， the notorious problems of the SM are still unresolved. Perhaps the most press-ing is the apparently fine-tuned hierarchy between the weak interaction and gravity scales.Extensive searches at the LHC and elsewhere have so far not yielded any compelling evidence for new TeV-scale physics such as supersymmetry， extra space dimensions， or strong cou-pling that had been proposed to explain or at least stabilize the hierarchy. Equally puzzling is the nature of the dark energy and its incredibly tiny magnitude compared to most theo-retical expectations. Similarly， numerous experimental attempts to identify the mysterious dark matter inferred from its gravitational effects have not as yet had any positive results and have excluded much of the parameter space for supersymmetric dark matter. And de-spite the great experimental success of the SM， it is a very complicated theory， involving severalinteractions with different properties， and two apparently superfl.uous heavier copies of the fundamental particles that constitute ordinary matter under ordinary conditions. For these and other reasons， many theorists have started exploring less canonical possibilities，such as a dark matter sector that is at most very weakly coupled to ordinary particles，or， more radically， that the Universe is part of a vast multiverse of regions (presumably associated with a superstring landscape of vacua） with different laws of physics.
　　The existing experimental programs in high energy physics will continue for many years.These include high luminosity running at the LHC; active programs around the world in neutrino， flavor， and dark matter physics; and observational probes of the dark energy.There are also proposed next generation facilities such as new e+e colliders that can serve as Higgs factories， and 0(100 TeV） hadron colliders. We will most likely find evidence for any multi-TeV scale physics relevant to the hierarchy problem or that is "just there"as a remnant of a more basic underlying theory; hopefully identify the dark matter and energy and shed light on the origin of the baryon asymmetry; perhaps progress toward a fundamental grand unification， superstring， or other theory that no one has yet imagined;and even reconsider such paradigms as naturalness， uniqueness， and minimality.
　　Like the first edition， tbis volume is intended to serve as a detailed text and refer-ence on the formalism， technology， phenomenology， and experimental verification of the standard model and its possible extensions. In addition to updating all of the experimen-tal and phenomenological results， it contains expanded discussions of collider， Higgs， neu-trino， and dark matter physics， and includes many new problems.

Preface

1. Notation and Conventions

2. Review of Perturbative Field Theory

3. Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Symmetries

4. Gauge Theories

5. The Strong Interactions and QCD

6. Collider Physics

7. The Weak Interactions

8. The Standard Electroweak Theory

9. Neutrino Mass and Mixing

10. Beyond the Standard Model

Appendix A. Canonical Commutation Rules

Appendix B. Derivation of a Simple Feynman Diagram

Appendix C. Unitarity, the Partial Wave Expansion, and the Optical Theorem

Appendix D. Two, Three, and nBody Phase Space

Appendix E. Calculation of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron

Appendix F. BreitWigner Resonances

Appendix G. Implications of P, C, T, and Gparity for Nucleon Matrix Elements

Appendix H. Quantum Mechanical Analogs of Symmetry Breaking

References